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Pirates used whatever they could get their hands on for weapons, but I can only list some: Bladed/pointed Weapons: The Cutlass (similar to a sabre, but shorter), Marlinespikes, Axes, Gullies (similar to kitchen knives), Daggers (used mainly for thrusting).
Small Arms: Pistol, Blunderbuss, Long Arms (rifles).
Naval Artillery: Cannons, Swivel Guns.
And here's a bit of information on each weapon:
The Cutlass:
A relatively short sword, close to being the same as a sabre.
The Marlingspike:
A spike used to separate two pieces of tarred rope, a weapon for the mutinous.
Boarding Axe:
A mix of a hatchet and a double bladed axe, used for knocking down cabin doors, and to cut boarding ropes.
Gully Knife:
More or less, a kitchen knife, similar to a cleaver. (Not all are folding).
Daggers:
Daggers were used in hand-to-hand combat, when the opponent had a spot open. There are many types.
Pistols:
There were many, many different types of pistols (multi-barrelled, pocket, volley, carbines, turnout), with different mechanisms (matchlock, wheel-lock, snaphance, flintlock). They were one of the most favoured/valued weapons by pirates.
Blunderbuss:
A type of gun, almost a small cannon.
The Musket:
This weapon wasn't used very much by pirates, but by the Buccaneers, it was a prized possession.
Cannons: The Big Guns:
The cannon was the main gun used by the pirates, used to shoot different ammunition to cause much damage to other ships including: Bar shot, chain shot (2-3 cannon balls chained together), bundle shot ( a few bar shot for anti-personnel), canister shot (small lead balls inside), and sangrenel (bits of scrap metal for anti-personnel purposes wrapped in a rag).
Swivel Guns:
Were used mainly to repel boarders, and were only mounted when and where they were needed.
Ever hear about a pounder, while talking about cannons. It's similar to caliber (as in bullets. The weight of the shot doesn't determine the weight of the gun, so below is only an example.
Type Bore Size Gun Weight Shot Weight Powder Weight
2 Pounder 6.3 cm 272.4 Kg 0.9 Kg (2 lb) 1.58 Kg
6 pounder 7.6 cm 454 Kg - 681 Kg 2.72 Kg (6 lb) 2.72 Kg
24 Pounder 11.4 cm 1362 Kg - 1816 Kg 10.89 Kg (24 lb) 6.35 Kg
32 Pounder 12.7 cm 1816 Kg - 2270 Kg 14.52 Kg (32 lb) 8.14 Kg